雅思阅读真题（Part 3）
品牌忠诚的代价：童年口味如何影响一生消费
本篇也叫：品牌忠诚的成本、品牌忠诚度、童年口味与品牌忠诚、食品品牌忠诚、移民品牌偏好、品牌忠诚的代价
Part 3 · 考频：中频 · 最近考试：2026.2.28/2023.12.9
本篇为雅思阅读真题（Part 3）《The costs of brand loyalty》，共 14 题，2026.2.28/2023.12.9雅思考试真题回忆，页面提供完整原文、题目、答案与解析，并支持在线机考模式免费练习。本页同时提供 Markdown 版本 供 AI 助手与搜索引擎直接读取。
文章探讨食品品牌忠诚的成因与代价。伦敦Brixton市场满足移民对故乡食物的偏好的现象，引出童年形成的口味偏好。研究表明，儿童对新食物的警惕源于远古觅食本能，反复接触才能克服。经济学家追踪3.8万美国家庭两年消费数据，发现品牌忠诚普遍且持久；移民虽消费当地品牌，但购买量低于本地人，这一差距需约20年才减半，50年后仍显著。
A
A Londoner with a sudden urge for giant African snails could do worse than head to the bustling marketplace in Brixton, a part of south London that is home to many people from Africa. Markets like Brixton market that eater to migrants are testament to the fact that people often retain very strong preferences for the kinds of food they grew up eating. Just ask the expatriate Britons who flock to 'Tea and Sympathy' in New York's Greenwich Village for pots of Marmite, a yeast based spread whose delights baffle other nationalities (and many of their own compatriots).
B
Past research has shown that people are often willing to pay much more for a favoured brand than for seemingly identical alternatives. It is not always obvious why. However, there is ample evidence to support the theory that certain food preferences form in childhood. Children have a predisposition to fear new foods, which is only overcome when they are repeatedly presented with, and encouraged to consume, a particular food. Evidence shows that children's instinctive wariness of new foods dates back to the times when humans had to forage for food, and it was important that they learnt which foods were safe to eat. In the modern world, people routinely express a strong liking for a brand even though they are unable to tell the brand apart from rival brands in blind tests, and many studies have found that advertising alone cannot explain the strength of brand loyalty.
C
A new study by economists from the universities of Tilburg and Chicago tracks the consumption patterns of 38,000 US households over two years, and confirms the theory that such brand loyalty is widespread, deep and long-lasting. There were clear local patterns in consumption, although the same brands were available everywhere. But 16% of people studied were migrants: they had grown up in one state and moved to another. These migrants had the same options, in terms of what was on offer and at what price, as everyone else in their adopted home, but although they consumed local favourites they bought fewer than longtime residents. This gap between purchases of migrants and those of the locally born was quite stubborn: although it faded the longer a person lived in their new state. it still took 20 year to halve in magnitude. Even 50 years on, it was still large enough to show up in the data. This could mean that the benefits of being the first brand into a market could last longer than might he assumed.
D
David Atkin of Yale University has identified some important implications of local food favourites. He suggests in a recent paper that the effects of people being loyal to known brands may also lead economists to rethink the say they calculate the benefits resulting from trade. This is because opening up to trade is in some ways very similar to migrating, as it changes the composition and prices of the foods that are available to a person. In particular, trade can cause local foods to become relatively more expensive. Atkin's data show something many economists do not take into account: when a traditional food has to compete with imported foods it may no longer be the cheapest food available for people to choose to eat. Atkin decided to look at this situation in the context of developing countries.
E
To illustrate his point, Atkin uses detailed data about people's food choices in India. India is a good choice because it covers a large number of climatic zones where different specialised crops are grown. Despite being part of the same country, the prevalence or internal barriers to trade means that its regions are best thought of as being only partially open to trade. Atkin's data show that the foods a region specialises in producing are instead cheaper in that region.
F
However, there has been some opening up of internal trade in India in recent years, and this has revealed that for every rupee spent on food, people's intake of calories declined most in regions where prices in local favourite foods had risen. In theory, when there is a greater choice of types of food, people should adjust their food habits and purchase the cheapest option so that they boost their calorie intake. However, in practice, food habits mean that consumers keep buying the things they know and like even though these foods have become relatively expensive. Atkin calculates that if all barriers to internal trade in India were abolished, the average Indian household would have to generate a rise of 3.3 percent in income to maintain their calorie intake.
In developing countries where there is a high prevalence of undernutrition, such as in sub-Saharan Africa, the habit of continuing to eat favourite foods could have a serious effect on development. There is clear evidence that nutritional shortfalls in children can affect their ability to work and earn as adults, and also has detrimental effects on their long-term health.
G
Consequently, the nutritional declines that can occur as a result of the opening up of trade are of serious concern, because an entire generation that is malnourished as children will continue to suffer irreversible consequences for the rest of their lives.
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答案：illustrate the way adults enjoy eating food from their childhood.
原文定位：Markets like Brixton market that eater to migrants are testament to the fact that people often retain very strong preferences for the kinds of food they grew up eating. Just ask the expatriate Britons who flock to 'Tea and Sympathy' in New York's Greenwich Village for pots of Marmite
同义替换：「illustrate」↔「testament」，「adults」↔「migrants」，「enjoy eating food from their childhood」↔「retain very strong preferences for the kinds of food they grew up eating」
答案：bought only some of the brands which were popular in their new state.
原文定位：These migrants had the same options, in terms of what was on offer and at what price, as everyone else in their adopted home, but although they consumed local favourites they bought fewer than longtime residents
同义替换：「people who have migrated」↔「migrants」，「bought」↔「consumed」
答案：economists fail to understand all the effects of increased trade.
原文定位：Atkin's data show something many economists do not take into account;when a traditional food has to compete with imported foods it may no longer be the cheapest food available for people to choose to eat
同义替换：「research」↔「data」，「fail to understand 」↔「do not take into account」
答案：the varying weather patterns have resulted in regional crop types.
原文定位：India is a good choice because it covers a large number of climatic zones where different specialised crops are grown
同义替换：「wise to choose」↔「good choice」，「varying weather patterns」↔「a large number of climatic zones」，「resulted in regional crop types」↔「different specialised crops are grown」
答案：NOT GIVEN
原文定位：A new study by economists from the universities of Tilburg and Chicago tracks the consumption patterns of 38,000 US households over two years, and confirms the theory that such brand loyalty is widespread, deep and long-lasting. There were clear local patterns in consumption, although the same brands were available everywhere
答案：NO
原文定位：This gap between purchases of migrants and those of the locally born was quite stubborn: although it faded the longer a person lived in their new state. it still took 20 year to halve in magnitude
同义替换：「differences」↔「gap」，「shopping」↔「purchases」，「native residents」↔「locally born」，「increased in the first 20 years」↔「took 20 years to halve」
答案：NO
原文定位：This could mean that the benefits of being the first brand into a market could last longer than might he assumed
答案：NO
原文定位：Despite being part of the same country, the prevalence or internal barriers to trade means that its regions are best thought of as being only partially open to trade
同义替换：「unrestricted」↔「internal barriers」
答案：YES
原文定位：Atkin's data show that the foods a region specialises in producing are instead cheaper in that region
同义替换：「focuses on」↔「specialises in」，「comparatively low」↔「cheaper」
答案：range
原文定位：In theory, when there is a greater choice of types of food, people should adjust their food habits and purchase the cheapest option so that they boost their calorie intake
同义替换：「wider」↔「greater」
答案：increase
原文定位：In theory, when there is a greater choice of types of food, people should adjust their food habits and purchase the cheapest option so that they boost their calorie intake
同义替换：「increase」↔「boost」
答案：insistence
原文定位：However, in practice, food habits mean that consumers keep buying the things they know and like even though these foods have become relatively expensive
同义替换：「insistence」↔「keep」
答案：nutrition
原文定位：In developing countries where there is a high prevalence of undernutrition, such as in sub-Saharan Africa, the habit of continuing to eat favourite foods could have a serious effect on development
同义替换：「nutrition」↔「undernutrition」
答案：progress
原文定位：In developing countries where there is a high prevalence of undernutrition, such as in sub-Saharan Africa, the habit of continuing to eat favourite foods could have a serious effect on development. There is clear evidence that nutritional shortfalls in children can affect their ability to work and earn as adults, and also has detrimental effects on their long-term health