Cloud science

文章大意

本文讲述云科学的发展史：19世纪初英国科学家卢克·霍华德按形状将云分为积云、层云等类型，奠定现代云分类基础；其术语因混用拉丁语和英语遭批评，但他仍广受赞誉并写诗赞美云。云分类还影响英国浪漫主义画家，科学家则尝试用火箭播撒物质、碘化银人工降雨，但引发环境担忧。

题目与答案

1. Origins

   · A British scientist classified clouds into three shapes, with the second type(Cumulus) resembling a cone-shaped 31_____ .

   答案：tower

   原文定位：One of them, which he called cumulus, was noted for its towering vertical appearance and likened to a tower because of its cone-shaped form that stretches high into the atmosphere

   同义替换：「resembling」↔「likened to」

2. · The third type of cloud was compared to a flat 32_____ .

   答案：sheet

   原文定位：Another type, in contrast, was more spread out and flat, resembling a sheet that blankets the sky

   同义替换：「compared to」↔「resembling」

3. · The scientist faced criticism for the 33_____ used in naming clouds, as English was not his native language.

   答案：language

   原文定位：Many scholars questioned the terminology he used as it mixed Latin and English. Some critics argued that his language choices were awkward and reflected his challenges as a non-native English speaker

   同义替换：「criticism」↔「questioned」，「used in naming clouds」↔「terminology he used」，「English was not his native language」↔「non-native English speaker」

4. · Despite the critiques, he gained fame as a scientific celebrity and even composed 34_____ praising the beauty of clouds.

   答案：poetry

   原文定位：He even turned to the arts, composing poetry that reflected his admiration for clouds, blending his scientific insights with a deep appreciation for their beauty

   同义替换：「praising the beauty of」↔「reflected his admiration for」

5. Cultural and Artistic Impacts

   · The 35_____ influenced British art, inspiring artists to incorporate cloud depictions into their works.

   答案：art

   原文定位：Moving beyond its scientific origins, the study of clouds began influencing cultural and artistic movements, especially in Britain. The newly established system of cloud classification had a significant impact on Romantic-era painters, who started incorporating intricate cloud formations into their landscapes

   同义替换：「influenced」↔「had a significant impact on」，「British art」↔「artistic movements」

6. · Scientists experimented with altering weather conditions, such as increasing or decreasing rainfall or 36_____ .

   答案：fog

   原文定位：They experimented with altering weather patterns, attempting to increase rainfall or even create fog in controlled environments

7. · 37_____ were sometimes employed to deliver man-made materials for weather modification.

   答案：rocket

   原文定位：To achieve these goals, they employed innovative methods such as launching rockets filled with substances intended to influence atmospheric conditions

   同义替换：「deliver man-made materials」↔「filled with substances」，「weather modification」↔「influence atmospheric conditions」

8. Modern Weather Science

   · The use of silver iodide in weather experiments led to water pollution, as observed in a 38_____ in Australia.

   答案：lake

   原文定位：For instance, in Australia, researchers discovered that a lake had been polluted as a direct result of these activities, sparking debates about the sustainability of weather modification

   同义替换：「observed in」↔「discovered」

9. · Today, some research focuses on using 39_____ as a safer alternative for weather manipulation.

   答案：salt

   原文定位：One promising method involves using salt particles instead of chemicals, which poses less risk to ecosystems while achieving similar results

   同义替换：「safer alternative」↔「poses less risk to ecosystems」

10. · Research into the psychological effects of weather shows that weather changes can significantly impact people`s 40_____ abilities.

    答案：memory

    原文定位：Recent studies have revealed that changes in atmospheric conditions can significantly affect cognitive functions. For example, shifts in humidity or temperature have been shown to influence people's memory

    同义替换：「weather changes」↔「changes in atmospheric conditions」，「impact」↔「affect」，「abilities」↔「cognitive functions」