Maori middens

文章大意

讲座介绍新西兰毛利人留下的贝冢（midden，即生活垃圾堆），主要由海鲜贝壳和餐食残渣构成，还出土了损坏的石斧和骨制鱼钩，能揭示古人的技术与日常生活；贝冢受法律保护，发掘需向历史遗迹信托机构申请许可，常见于海滩、沙丘或施工挖土处，并可用放射性碳定年。

题目与答案

1. Maori Middens

   General information

   ·Midden: rubbish dump

   ·Studying middens in New Zealand reveals information

   Contains:

   ·Food scraps (mainly seashells)

   ·A broken 31_____

   答案：ax

   原文定位：I also came across something very exciting, an ax that had been discarded because it was damaged

   同义替换：「broken」↔「damaged」

2. ·Some hooks made of 32_____ .

   答案：bone

   原文定位：Their hooks were manufactured using bone, which is a durable material that can last for hundreds of years in the right conditions

   同义替换：「made of」↔「manufactured」

3. ·If you want to study a midden, you need to get a 33_____ .

   答案：permit

   原文定位：If you wish to make any excavation at a midden, you must first obtain a permit from the Historic Places Trust

   同义替换：「need to get」↔「must first obtain」

4. Research findings

   ·Middens can be found on the beach, but erosion is important

   ·It is hard to find a midden where a 34_____ is being built.

   答案：road

   原文定位：it's not uncommon to find a midden where a road is being constructed and the contractors are digging into the land

   同义替换：「built 」↔「constructed」

5. ·It can offer information on the 35_____pattern of those Maori.

   答案：migration

   原文定位：It's even possible to establish what season of the year the midden was created. This may not sound like useful information at first, but it actually gives us an insight into Maori migration, when and where they traveled

   同义替换：「information on」↔「insight into」

6. Dietary habit

   ·Early Maori ate 36_____ (very fatty)

   ·Later Maori ate fish (not fatty)

   答案：birds

   原文定位：the Maori people who lived here before Europeans arrived first concentrated their hunting on giant birds, which were rich in fat

   同义替换：「ate」↔「hunting on」，「very fatty」↔「rich in fat」

7. More Findings

   ·Shell middens can be found close to the beaches and 37_____ .

   答案：lakes

   原文定位：This means that small middens made up of these shells are occasionally found beside lakes, which can be hundreds of kilometers from the sea in quite mountainous areas

   同义替换：「close to」↔「beside」

8. ·Middens can be found in the South Island, but are very 38_____ .

   答案：rare

   原文定位：Middens containing no shell material have occasionally been discovered in various regions of the South Island, particularly Central Otago and on the East Coast. However, the thing to emphasize here is that they are extremely rare

   同义替换：「very」↔「extremely」

9. ·European middens contained 39_____ objects.

   答案：glass

   原文定位：Well, certain items are only found in European middens, notably things made of glass, which was a material unknown to Maori

   同义替换：「contained」↔「made of」，「objects」↔「things」

10. ·Large European middens were found in the places where 40_____ stayed.

    答案：soldiers

    原文定位：particularly large ones have been left behind in places where soldiers had their camps