雅思阅读真题（Part 3）
职场中的进化心理学：用达尔文理论解释办公室行为
本篇也叫：进化心理学、职场进化心理学、达尔文职场理论、办公室进化心理学、进化心理学与工作、职场达尔文主义
Part 3 · 考频：中频 · 最近考试：2024.12.6深圳赛格BC雅思
本篇为雅思阅读真题（Part 3）《Evolutionary psychology in the workplace》，共 14 题，2024.12.6深圳赛格BC雅思雅思考试真题回忆，页面提供完整原文、题目、答案与解析，并支持在线机考模式免费练习。本页同时提供 Markdown 版本 供 AI 助手与搜索引擎直接读取。
文章介绍进化心理学在职场中的应用，以达尔文进化论为基础，指出人脑仍保留石器时代的设计。伦敦商学院组织心理学家Nigel Nicholson在《管理人类动物》中，从石器时代草原讲到现代办公室，用进化心理学解释职场行为失调，帮助管理者理解并改善组织行为。
A
Charles Darwin, the brilliant anthropologist and creator of the theory of evolution, is not normally associated with the modern business world. Nevertheless, Darwinian evolutionary theory is the foundation of a new wave of ideas about human behavior in general and particularly the way people behave in the workplace; these ideas have given the title of evolutionary psychology. Evolutionary psychology revolves around the notion that our brains, like our bodies, have an inherited evolutionary design that has scarcely changed for 10,000 years. As respected evolutionary psychology experts Leda Cosmides and John Tooby comment, "our modern skulls house a Stone Age mind." The US biologist Edward O. Wilson sees evolutionary psychology as being a discipline which is based on both socio-biology, which is the study of the biological basis of social behavior, and psychology, which is the systematic study of human behavior.
B
Nigel Nicholson, an organisational psychologist from the London Business School, is a strong supporter of evolutionary psychology and on this subject has published Managing the Human Animal. His book takes the reader on a journey from the Stone Age plains of the savannah to the modern office, and includes a discussion of Darwinism and behavioural psychology together with a dissection of dysfunctional organisational behavior. It is an effective approach explaining why people behave as they do, particularly at work. Evolutionary psychology is increasingly being cited in management circles, where managers are trying to understand puzzling aspects of human behaviour and by doing so improve the workplace. Nicholson believes that evolutionary psychology can help managers understand what goes wrong in organisational life and what they can do about it.
C
Nicholson maintains that evolutionary psychology dismisses the long-held assumption that our minds are like blank pages just waiting for culture and experience to write on them and shape our nature. He points out that sophisticated research shows the brain actually houses a store of knowledge when we are born, and now genetic research is establishing there are certain genes that account for abilities, tastes, and tendencies. The stored knowledge in the human brain has not changed much since the Stone Age. As Tooby and Cosmides stress, there have not been enough generations for a brain that is well adapted to our post-industrial life to evolve through natural selection.
D
The evolutionary psychology version of human nature revolves around some key elements which we have inherited from our hunter-gatherer minds. One key element is emotion. Emotion was originally essential to keep early man alive and safe from predators. Emotion was, and continues to be, our radar, guiding us throughout today's techno-defined business world. Despite this, the business world emphasises rational, not emotional, behaviour and does not admit the importance of emotion. We still use the emotional part of our minds to make sense of other people's behaviour and to create an impression, so we can often be taken in by appearances. This mental predisposition actually works best in small communities—the tribe—not in much larger environments filled with people we barely know, the modern workplace. Our minds naturally try to re-create our ancestral communities with networks of no more than 150 people, where there are clear hierarchies and leaders. As a consequence, it takes very little to trigger people's innate distrust of others because our safety in antiquity depended on supporting our near family and friends, whom we valued more than other people.
E
So, what advice does Nicholson have for the corporate world? He thinks that by knowing the reasons for people's behaviour, it is possible to mould corporate environments into places that have more chance of working efficiently and being pleasant places to work in. Nicholson admits that not everybody in the business world agrees with his belief in the effectiveness of evolutionary psychology in the workplace. One group that resists the theory of evolutionary psychology is young MBA graduates who are just beginning their careers and feel that evolutionary psychology will make their lives at work more difficult. Older and wiser executives point out that they still tend to cling to the idea of a magic formula to bring people into line with corporate strategy. But that is back-to-front thinking, according to Nicholson, who contends that we should be reinventing our business structures, not our fundamental human nature.
F
At the end of his book, Nicholson gives his forecast of what will and will not change in the business world. He believes that most people will still prefer more traditional forms of work and throughout their lives will continue to aim at lifelong status advancement. He also maintains that the line between work and home will be less defined, but that people will prefer traditional working patterns if working from home leaves them isolated from their work community. He doubts that the high-tech ideas of virtual companies will ever be very successful because people will still want to meet each other face to face. Nicholson describes his ideal organisation in the future: it would be decentralized, with small sub-units; the staff would be from diverse backgrounds and be allowed a high degree of self-determination. New endeavours and creativity would replace systems and rationality. Nicholson acknowledges that there is a long way to go in terms of the translation of his ideas of evolutionary psychology into practical propositions, but he is confident more and more people will come round to his way of thinking.
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答案：explain the theory of evolutionary psychology.
原文定位：Darwinian evolutionary theory is the foundation of a new wave of ideas about human behavior in general and particularly the way people behave in the workplace; these ideas have given the title of evolutionary psychology
答案：We inherit ideas and characteristics from our ancestors.
原文定位：He points out that sophisticated research shows the brain actually houses a store of knowledge when we are born, and now genetic research is establishing there are certain genes that account for abilities, tastes, and tendencies. The stored knowledge in the human brain has not changed much since the Stone Age
同义替换：「characteristics」↔「abilities, tastes, and tendencies」，「inherit ideas」↔「knowledge when we are born」
答案：explain attitudes and actions at work.
原文定位：Emotion was, and continues to be, our radar, guiding us throughout today's techno-defined business world... We still use the emotional part of our minds to make sense of other people's behaviour and to create an impression;This mental predisposition actually works best in small communities;not in much larger environments filled with people we barely know, the modern workplace
答案：Social interaction will remain important to workers.
原文定位：He doubts that the high-tech ideas of virtual companies will ever be very successful because people will still want to meet each other face to face
同义替换：「Social interaction」↔「meet each other face to face」，「remain important」↔「will still want」
答案：How successful companies manage change.
原文定位：Darwinian evolutionary theory is the foundation of;particularly the way people behave in the workplace;these ideas are called evolutionary psychology;explaining why people behave as they do, particularly at work;Evolutionary psychology helps managers understand what goes wrong in organisational life;our hunter-gatherer minds;guiding us throughout today’s;business world
同义替换：「origins」↔「evolutionary」，「workplace behavior」↔「how people behave in the workplace」
答案：YES
原文定位：It is an effective approach explaining why people behave as they do, particularly at work
同义替换：「a persuasive argument」↔「an effective approach」
答案：NO
原文定位：As Tooby and Cosmides stress, there have not been enough generations for a brain that is well adapted to our post-industrial life to evolve through natural selection
答案：NOT GIVEN
原文定位：Emotion was, and continues to be, our radar, guiding us throughout today's techno-defined business world. Despite this, the business world emphasises rational, not emotional, behaviour and does not admit the importance of emotion
答案：NO
原文定位：As a consequence, it takes very little to trigger people's innate distrust of others because our safety in antiquity depended on supporting our near family and friends, whom we valued more than other people
答案：business environments
原文定位：He thinks that by knowing the reasons for people's behaviour, it is possible to mould corporate environments into places that have more chance of working efficiently and being pleasant places to work in
同义替换：「corporate」↔「business」
答案：MBA graduates
原文定位：One group that resists the theory of evolutionary psychology is young MBA graduates who are just beginning their careers and feel that evolutionary psychology will make their lives at work more difficult
答案：magic formula
原文定位：Older and wiser executives point out that they still tend to cling to the idea of a magic formula to bring people into line with corporate strategy
同义替换：「act according to the company's practices」↔「bring people into line with corporate strategy」
答案：back-to-front thinking
原文定位：But that is back-to-front thinking, according to Nicholson, who contends that we should be reinventing our business structures, not our fundamental human nature
答案：human nature
原文定位：we should be reinventing our business structures, not our fundamental human nature