雅思阅读真题（Part 3）
人工智能的漫漫长路：从图灵到深蓝
本篇也叫：人工智能、AI、图灵、深蓝、人机大战、通用人工智能
Part 3 · 考频：中频 · 最近考试：2025.12.20
本篇为雅思阅读真题（Part 3）《The long road to artificial intelligence》，共 14 题，2025.12.20雅思考试真题回忆，页面提供完整原文、题目、答案与解析，并支持在线机考模式免费练习。本页同时提供 Markdown 版本 供 AI 助手与搜索引擎直接读取。
文章回顾人工智能发展史：1950年图灵发表论文提出AI概念，预言2000年人类将习惯机器思考；1997年IBM深蓝击败国际象棋冠军卡斯帕罗夫，但AI仍是专才，只会下棋，而人类是能做饭、修复印机、开车等多任务通才，距离人类水平智能仍遥远。
A
In 1950, the computing pioneer Alan Turing published a paper in the journal Mind entitled “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”. It was the first concept of Artificial Intelligence (Al). Turing predicted that by the year 2000 the majority of people would be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted, envisaging a world very different from the one he lived in.
B
Despite Turing's prediction, human-level artificial intelligence had not been achieved by the year 2000. Nevertheless, one significant milestone in artificial intelligence had recently been attained. In 1997 'Deep Blue', a computer developed by IBM, defeated the champion Garry Kasparov. Kasparov had beaten previous computer chess programs, which to him seemed predictable and mechanical, but he he allegedly said he sensed an “alien intelligence” on the other side of the board when he played against Deep Blue.
C
It is instructive stand back and ponder this moment in the history of Al. The field had accomplished something that half a century beforehand might have been considered its crowning achievement. Humanity had been outstripped by a machine. Of course, a car can move faster than the fastest human sprinter, and a crane can carry far more than a champion I weight-lifter. But intellectual prowess is what sets human beings apart from the rest of the animals, and chess is a supremely intellectual pursuit.
D
Yet somehow we seemed no nearer to human-level than in Turing`s time. How could this be? The problem with Deep Blue was that it was a specialist. All it could do was play chess. Contrast this with a typical human adult. Take the office worker who had just walked past the window of the café where I am sitting with my laptop. Her day has no doubt been a busy patchwork of activities- making a packed lunch, reviewing the children's homework, driving work, composing emails, fixing the photocopier, and so on. Each of these activities requires the exercise of multiple sensorimotor skills. Consider the task of making a packed lunch. This involves retrieving Utensils and ingredients from various places, opening packets, chopping, cutting, spreading, and so on.
E
In short, a human being is a generalist. A human chess champion can do a whole lot more than just play chess. Moreover a human being is adaptive. Fixing photocopiers is not an innate capability. It is learned. Had the office worker been born in a different century or a different culture, she would have acquired a different set of skills. And if she has the misfortune to lose her present job, she can re-train for another one. The achievements of Al research in a variety of specialist domains (chess being just one among many success stories) contrast starkly with the field's 田 a machine with general purpose, adaptive intelligence. So our basic question is, how could we produce artificial general intelligence?
F
An essential feature of biological intelligence is embodiment. Unlike Deep Blue, a human being is an animal with a body, and its brain is part of that body. The brain of an animal has evolved to prevent any harm from coming to that body and to perpetuate the genes that it The body has muscles, enabling it to move, and senses, so that its actions can be made to react to the state of the environment, the better to achieve its goal. The brain shapes the animal`s actions according to what it perceives. Human intelligence, for all its glorious an extension of animal intelligence, and the human capacities for language, reason, and creativity all rest on a sensorimotor foundation.
G
So while the endeavor to create artificial general intelligence might succeed without much that is essential to biological life, such as metabolism and reproduction, perhaps embodiment is a methodological necessity. Perhaps the need to engage with a messy, dynamic, physical environment full of complex and varied objects, both animate and inanimate is at the root of intelligence. The only way to form a reliable judgment of the intelligence of an artifact is to observe its behavior in an environment like our own. And way to achieve human level Al, according to this way of thinking, is through robotics. Our basic question can then be reformulated: How can we endow a robot with general intelligence?
H
One possibility is that general intelligence is simply the sum of many specialist sensorimotor skills, and up to now, Al hasn't replicated enough of them. So when robots have have been given certain critical mass of skills, general intelligence will somehow emerge. But even if we gloss over the many engineer questions this proposal beg, it remains unconvincing. The products of such an approach might briefly give the appearance of general intelligence. But nobody would be fooled for very long. The multi-specialist robot is going to get stuck as soon as it has to face a problem that is outside its areas of expertise, an inevitable occurrence in an ever-changing world.
I
Perhaps the capacity to learn is enough to plug the gap here. In an unfamiliar situation, a new skill can be learned. Indeed, learning in its various forms is the bad drop to all intelligence. But learning is time-consuming and risky. The hallmark of general intelligence therefore the ability to adept an existing set of behavior SP intelligence in a robot is new challenges, and to do so without recourse to trial and error or to training by a third party. Only when that can be achieved will artificial intelligence truly match human intelligence.
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答案：was fundamentally different from others he had encountered
原文定位：Kasparov had beaten previous computer chess programs, which to him seemed predictable and mechanical, but he he allegedly said he sensed an “alien intelligence” on the other side of the board when he played against Deep Blue
同义替换：「felt」↔「sensed」，「fundamentally different」↔「alien intelligence」，「others he had encountered」↔「previous computer chess programs 」
答案：Skill at chess is more significant than other machine achievement.
原文定位：The field had accomplished something that half a century beforehand might have been considered its crowning achievement. Humanity had been outstripped by a machine;But intellectual prowess is what sets human beings apart from the rest of the animals, and chess is a supremely intellectual pursuit
同义替换：「crowning achievement」↔「more significant」，「supremely intellectual pursuit」↔「skill at」
答案：everyday human actions involve a complex combination of skills.
原文定位：Her day has no doubt been a busy patchwork of activities;Each of these activities requires the exercise of multiple sensorimotor skills;Consider the task of making a packed lunch. This involves retrieving utensils and ingredients from various places, opening packets, chopping, cutting, spreading, and so on
同义替换：「complex combination of skills」↔「multiple sensorimotor skills」
答案：machines are better at specialization than at adaptation
原文定位：The achievements of Al research in a variety of specialist domains (chess being just one among many success stories) contrast starkly with the field's a machine with general purpose, adaptive intelligence. So our basic question is, how could we produce artificial general intelligence
同义替换：「better at specialisation」↔「achievements in a variety of specialist domains」，「than at adaptation」↔「adaptive intelligence」
答案：protection
原文定位：The brain of an animal has evolved to prevent any harm from coming to that body and to perpetuate the genes that it
同义替换：「prevent harm」↔「protection」，「allow its genes to be passed on」↔「perpetuate the genes」
答案：environment
原文定位：The body has muscles, enabling it to move, and senses, so that its actions can be made to react to the state of the environment
同义替换：「provide it with information about」↔「react to the state of」
答案：muscles
原文定位：The body has muscles, enabling it to move, and senses, so that its actions can be made to react to the state of the environment
同义替换：「react physically」↔「move」
答案：perception
原文定位：The brain shapes the animal`s actions according to what it perceives
答案：capacities
原文定位：Human intelligence, for all its glorious an extension of animal intelligence, and the human capacities for language, reason, and creativity all rest on a sensorimotor foundation
同义替换：「make us human」↔「human capacities」
答案：foundation
原文定位：Human intelligence, for all its glorious an extension of animal intelligence, and the human capacities for language, reason, and creativity all rest on a sensorimotor foundation
同义替换：「this link」↔「sensorimotor foundation」
答案：NO
原文定位：So while the endeavor to create artificial general intelligence might succeed without much that is essential to biological life, such as metabolism and reproduction, perhaps embodiment is a methodological necessity
同义替换：「must have」↔「without」
答案：YES
原文定位：Perhaps the need to engage with a messy, dynamic, physical environment full of complex and varied objects, both animate and inanimate is at the root of intelligence
同义替换：「may depend on」↔「is at the root of」，「interact with」↔「engage with」，「complex and unpredictable environment」↔「messy, dynamic, physical environment」
答案：NOT GIVEN
原文定位：The products of such an approach might briefly give the appearance of general intelligence. But nobody would be fooled for very long. The multi-specialist robot is going to get stuck as soon as it has to face a problem that is outside its areas of expertise
答案：NO
原文定位：The hallmark of general intelligence therefore the ability to adept an existing set of behavior SP intelligence in a robot is new challenges, and to do so without recourse to trial and error or to training by a third party
同义替换：「experts」↔「a third party」，「essential」↔「without」