雅思阅读真题（Part 1）
毛利鱼钩：新西兰原住民的捕鱼智慧
本篇也叫：毛利鱼钩、毛利人鱼钩、毛利鱼钩阅读、matau、新西兰毛利鱼钩、毛利鱼钩雅思
Part 1 · 考频：高频 · 最近考试：2018.6.7/2017.6.24
本篇为雅思阅读真题（Part 1）《Maori fish hooks》，共 13 题，2018.6.7/2017.6.24雅思考试真题回忆，页面提供完整原文、题目、答案与解析，并支持在线机考模式免费练习。本页同时提供 Markdown 版本 供 AI 助手与搜索引擎直接读取。
文章介绍新西兰毛利人用木头、骨头、石头和亚麻制作的鱼钩，即matau。早期欧洲人和考古学家觉得这种鱼钩造型古怪、难以捕鱼，但新西兰蒂帕帕国家博物馆的研究证明，其独特设计是为了让鱼钩旋转钩住鱼颚，功能极为高效，部分设计还用于现代商业延绳钓。
A
Maori fish hooks, made from wood, bone, stone and flax, are intended to have the best possible design and function. The hooks are designed to target specific species with precision. In the industry of commercial long-line fishing, there are some Maori hook designs which are making a splash.
B
When Polynesians first came New Zealand sometime within the years 1100-1300 AD, they didn’t have the technology necessary to heat and manipulate metal out of rocks. Meanwhile, fish was the settlers’ main food source at the time, so fishermen made their hooks and fishing gear out of wood, bone, stone and shells. Other plants native to the island of New Zealand, like as flax (harakeke), cabbage tree (ti) and astelia (kiekie) gave the necessary fibrous material to make fishing lines and nets of greater or equal strength to the jute, which was being used by the Europeans at the time. However, as a material, metal is more malleable, and can be changed into any shape, while natural materials are limited in the shapes they can take on. The Maori fish hooks needed to be more innovative in the ways that they dealt with these limitations.
C
Early accounts of Europeans who settled and explored New Zealand claimed that Maori hooks, known as matau, were “odd”, “of doubtful efficacy”, “very clumsy affairs” or “impossible looking.” Archaeologists from more recent times have also mentioned the round hook appearing as odd, with comments such as, “shaped in a manner which makes it very difficult to imagine could ever be effective in catching a fish.” William Anderson, who was aboard the Resolution during Cook’s third voyage in 1777 as the ship’s surgeon, commented that the Maori “live chiefly by fishing, making use…of wooden fish hooks pointed with bone, but so oddly made that a stranger is at a loss to know how they can answer such a purpose.”
D
The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa did their own recent study on Maori fish hooks two hundred and thirty years later, and were able to demonstrate that the unique hook design was a matter of function. The hook’s design allowed it to catch fish by spinning away from the direction of the point and catching their jaws, instead of poking a hole through the fish or by being used as a lever, which some archaeologists also suggested. It seems that the design of the Maori fish hook is, perhaps, the world’s most efficiently and masterfully designed fish hook, likely superior to any modern metal fish hook of today.
E
To make larger hooks, Maori used shanks made of strong wood, with stout points made of bone or shell. They tied tree branches and saplings together to grow them into the ideal shapes for building, then harvested the plants when they grew to the appropriate size. They hardened wood by carefully drying it and burying underground with fires lit above it. Human bone was often used for bone points, which they lashed securely to a groove at the end of the shank with pre-made flax materials (muka). When they wanted to catch larger species like sharks, groper and ling, they used composite hook. However, average the traditional hook was usually not longer than a three finger breadth (128 mm length).
F
To capture seabirds for food and feathers, like albatross, the islanders used slender hooks which can be differentiated from other hooks intended to catch fish by their lighter build and lack of an inturned point. Many of these hooks were collected by early explorers, suggesting that the taking of seabirds with hook and line was an important source of food and feathers for Maori. (105 mm length). Slender hooks with wide gapes were used to capture albatross and other seabirds for food and feathers, and can be distinguished from hooks intended to catch fish by the lighter construction and lack of an inturned point. Early explorers collected many of these hooks which could indicated that catching seabirds with a hook and line provided significant amounts of food and feathers for the Maori. (105 mm length)
G
Maori adopted new materials quickly once they became available with European explorers, sealers and whalers who began to arrive towards the end of the 1700s. At this point, the Maori were still making their fish hooks, but now using metals and imported materials. Wooden and flax parts of old, abandoned fish hooks decomposed quickly as traditional hooks were cast away in favor of new ones. Tools made of luxury materials such as ivory or greenstone may have been kept around as decorations items, with stylized Maori fish hooks seen today as a symbol of cultural revitalization.
H
The Maori kept recreating traditional designs even as new materials poured in, preferring hook shapes which were introduced by Pakeha into the 1800s. By following the tradition of the rotating hook design, they remained connected with a part of their traditional culture. In the end, though, it was only a matter of time before the amount of mass-produced metal European hooks finally overwhelmed the area, highlighting the difficulty of making hooks from nails, horseshoes and other metal objects, and finally the use of the traditional designs fell out of favor.
I
By the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, tourists and collectors’ demands for Maori artifacts had grown, leading manufacturers to produce large quantities of forged hooks. These replicas were then traded with both Maoris and Europeans to use as forgeries of the real thing, sometimes directly commissioned by artifact dealers themselves. Fake hooks can be spotted by their cheap construction, inconsistent materials, rudimentary lashings, odd or over-elaborate decorative carvings, and finally, by the lack of in-turned points or angled grooves used to actually attach the fishing line.
J
The ways that matau have changed throughout their history is somewhat symbolic of how Maori have adapted to use European tools, materials and technology to their purposes over time, as well as the ways that European influence and technology contributed to, rather overtook, generally compatible Maori skills, and traditional materials were replaced or complemented by metals and, more recently, artificial materials. Commercial longline fishermen everywhere have begun using the circle hook design today, one that is nearly the same as the traditional matau in both its appearance and functionality. It seems that the advantages and improved catch rates of this Maori technology have been recognized once more.
想在线练习这套卷子？进入机考练习
答案：I
原文定位：Fake hooks can be spotted by their cheap construction, inconsistent materials, rudimentary lashings, odd or over-elaborate decorative carvings, and finally, by the lack of in-turned points or angled grooves used to actually attach the fishing line
同义替换：「Instruction on how to recognise」↔「can be spotted by」，「authentic」↔「real thing」，「counterfeit」↔「Fake」
答案：NO
原文定位：The hook’s design allowed it to catch fish by spinning away from the direction of the point and catching their jaws, instead of poking a hole through the fish or by being used as a lever, which some archaeologists also suggested
同义替换：「works by」↔「design allowed it」，「making」↔「poking」，「embedding itself in the mouth of the fish」↔「catching their jaws」
答案：NOT GIVEN
原文定位：To capture seabirds for food and feathers, like albatross, the islanders used slender hooks which can be differentiated from other hooks intended to catch fish by their lighter build and lack of an inturned point
同义替换：「catch seabirds」↔「capture seabirds」，「by their feet」↔「」
答案：YES
原文定位：By the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, tourists and collectors’ demands for Maori artifacts had grown, leading manufacturers to produce large quantities of forged hooks. These replicas were then traded with both Maoris and Europeans to use as forgeries of the real thing
同义替换：「demand」↔「demand」，「many counterfeit ones were produced」↔「produce large quantities of forged hooks」
答案：NO
原文定位：In the end, though, it was only a matter of time before the amount of mass‑produced metal European hooks finally overwhelmed the area, highlighting the difficulty of making hooks from nails, horseshoes and other metal objects, and finally the use of the traditional designs fell out of favor;Tools made of luxury materials such as ivory or greenstone may have been kept around as decorations items, with stylized Maori fish hooks seen today as a symbol of cultural revitalization
同义替换：「European style hooks」↔「mass‑produced metal European hooks」，「have completely replaced」↔「overwhelmed the area」，「styles」↔「designs」
答案：F
原文定位：To capture seabirds for food and feathers, like albatross, the islanders used slender hooks which can be differentiated from other hooks intended to catch fish by their lighter build and lack of an inturned point
同义替换：「a different type of」↔「slender」，「not used to catch fish」↔「differentiated from other hooks intended to catch fish」
答案：J
原文定位：Commercial longline fishermen everywhere have begun using the circle hook design today, one that is nearly the same as the traditional matau in both its appearance and functionality. It seems that the advantages and improved catch rates of this Maori technology have been recognized once more
同义替换：「acknowledgement」↔「have been recognized」，「design and craftsmanship」↔「technology」，「are still relevant in the modern world」↔「today」
答案：D
原文定位：The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa did their own recent study on Maori fish hooks two hundred and thirty years later, and were able to demonstrate that the unique hook design was a matter of function. The hook’s design allowed it to catch fish by spinning away from the direction of the point and catching their jaws, instead of poking a hole through the fish or by being used as a lever, which some archaeologists also suggested
同义替换：「investigation」↔「study」，「how the hooks functioned」↔「the hook’s design allowed it to catch fish」，「effectively」↔「effectively」
答案：H
原文定位：By the end, though, it was only a matter of time before the amount of mass;produced metal European hooks finally overwhelmed the area, highlighting the difficulty of making hooks from nails, horseshoes and other metal objects, and finally the use of the traditional designs fell out of favor
同义替换：「modern technology」↔「mass‑produced metal European hooks」，「dominate」↔「overwhelmed」，「construction」↔「designs」
答案：B
原文定位：so fishermen made their hooks and fishing gear out of wood, bone, stone and shells. Other plants native to the island of New Zealand, like as flax (harakeke), cabbage tree (ti) and astelia (kiekie) gave the necessary fibrous material to make fishing lines and nets
同义替换：「used to construct」↔「made」
答案：E
原文定位：To make larger hooks, Maori used shanks made of strong wood, with stout points made of bone or shell;When they wanted to catch larger species like sharks, groper and ling, they used composite hook
同义替换：「were employed to catch larger fish」↔「To make larger hooks」
答案：G
原文定位：Maori adopted new materials quickly once they became available with European explorers, sealers and whalers who began to arrive towards the end of the 1700s. At this point, the Maori were still making their fish hooks, but now using metals and imported materials
同义替换：「employed new technology」↔「adopted new materials」，「adapted it」↔「adopted new materials quickly」
答案：NO
原文定位：Early accounts of Europeans who settled and explored New Zealand claimed that Maori hooks;were “odd”, “of doubtful efficacy;William Anderson;commented that the Maori “live chiefly by fishing, making use;of wooden fish hooks pointed with bone, but so oddly made that a stranger is at a loss to know how they can answer such a purpose
同义替换：「early European settlers」↔「Europeans who settled and explored New Zealand」，「quickly understood」↔「at a loss to know how」