雅思阅读真题（Part 3）
人为什么会打哈欠？打哈欠的科学解释
本篇也叫：打哈欠、哈欠、打哈欠的原因、哈欠传染、打哈欠传染吗、yawn
Part 3 · 考频：超高频 · 最近考试：2026.1.4北京理工大学
本篇为雅思阅读真题（Part 3）《Yawning》，共 14 题，2026.1.4北京理工大学雅思考试真题回忆，页面提供完整原文、题目、答案与解析，并支持在线机考模式免费练习。本页同时提供 Markdown 版本 供 AI 助手与搜索引擎直接读取。
文章探讨人类打哈欠的机制与原因。研究者Robert Provine从20世纪60年代开始研究打哈欠，发现哈欠是一种高度定型的本能行为，平均持续约6秒，无法半途而废，也无法被憋住。文章还介绍了闭鼻打哈欠等变体实验，用以分析鼻子、嘴巴和下颌在哈欠中的作用。
How and why we yawn still presents problems for researchers in an area which has only recently been opened up to study.
A
When Robert R Provine began studying yawning in the 1960s, it was difficult for him to convince research students of the merits of 'yawning science'. Although it may appear quirky to some, Provine's decision to study yawning was a logical extension of his research in developmental neuroscience.
B
The verb 'to yawn' is derived from the Old English ganien or ginian, meaning to gape or open wide. But in addition to gaping jaws, yawning has significant features that are easy to observe and analyse. Provine 'collected' yawns to study by using a variation of the contagion response. He asked people to 'think about yawning' and, once they began to yawn to depress a button and that would record from the start of the yawn to the exhalation at its end.
C
Provine's early discoveries can be summarized as follows: the yawn is highly stereotyped but not invariant in its duration and form. It is an excellent example of the instinctive 'fixed action pattern' of classical animal-behavior study, or ethology. It is not a reflex (short-duration, rapid, proportional response to a simple stimulus), but, once started, a yawn progresses with the inevitability of a sneeze. The standard yawn runs its course over about six seconds on average, but its duration can range from about three seconds to much longer than the average. There are no half-yawns: this is an example of the typical intensity of fixed action patterns and a reason why you cannot stifle yawns. Just like a cough, yawns can come in bouts with a highly variable inter-yawn interval, which is generally about 68 seconds but rarely more than 70. There is no relation between yawn frequency and duration: producers of short or long yawns do not compensate by yawning more or less often. Furthermore, Provine's hypotheses about the form and function of yawning can be tested by three informative yawn variants which can be used to look at the roles of the nose, the mouth and the jaws.
i) The closed nose yawn
D
Subjects are asked to pinch their nose closed when they feel themselves start to yawn. Most subjects report being able to perform perfectly normal closed nose yawns. This indicates that the inhalation at the onset of a yawn, and the exhalation at its end, need not involve the nostrils - the mouth provides a sufficient airway.
ii) The clenched teeth yawn
E
Subjects are asked to clench their teeth when they feel themselves start to yawn but allow themselves to inhale normally through their open lips and clenched teeth. This variant gives one the sensation of being stuck mid-yawn. This shows that gaping of the jaws is an essential component of the fixed action pattern of the yawn, and unless it is accomplished, the program (or pattern) will not run to completion. The yawn is also shown to be more than a deep breath, because, unlike normal breathing, inhalation and exhalation cannot be performed so well through the clenched teeth as through the nose.
iii) The nose yawn
F
This variant tests the adequacy of the nasal airway to sustain a yawn. Unlike normal breathing, which can be performed equally well through mouth or nose, yawning is impossible via nasal inhalation alone. As with the clenched teeth yawn, the nose yawn provides the unfulfilling sensation of being stuck in mid-yawn. Exhalation, on the other hand, can be accomplished equally well through nose or mouth. Through thin methodology Provine demonstrated that inhalation through the oral airway and the gaping of jaws are necessary for normal yawns. The motor program for yawning will not run to completion without feedback that these parts of the program have been accomplished.
G
But yawning is a powerful, generalized movement that involves much more than airway maneuvers and jaw-gaping. When yawning you also stretch your facial muscles, tilt your head back, narrow or close your eyes, produce tears, salivate, open the Eustachian tubes of your middle ear and perform many other, yet unspecified, cardiovascular and respiratory acts. Perhaps the yawn shares components with other behavior. For example, is the yawn a kind of 'slow sneeze' or is the sneeze a 'fast yawn'? Both share common respiratory and other features including jaw gaping, eye closing and head tilting.
H
Yawning and stretching share properties and may be performed together as parts of a global motor complex. Studies by JIP de Vries. In the early 1980s, charting movement in the developing fetus using ultrasound, observed a link between yawning and stretching. The most extraordinary demonstration of the yawn-stretch linkage occurs in many people paralyzed on one side of their body because of brain damage caused by a stroke, the prominent British neurologist Sir Francis Walshe noted in 1923 that when these people yawn, they are startled and mystified to observe that their otherwise paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically in what neurologists term an 'associated response'. Yawning apparently activates undamaged, unconsciously controlled connections between the brain and the motor system, causing the paralyzed limb to move. It is not known whether the associated response is a positive prognosis for recovery, nor whether yawning is therapeutic for prevention of muscular deterioration.
I
Provine speculated that, in general, yawning may have many functions, and selecting a single function from the available options may be an unrealistic goal. Yawning appears to be associated with a change of behavioral state, switching from one activity to another. Yawning is also a reminder that ancient and unconscious behavior linking us to the animal world lurks beneath the veneer of culture, rationality and language.
想在线练习这套卷子？进入机考练习
答案：half-yawns
原文定位：There are no half-yawns: this is an example of the typical intensity of fixed action patterns and a reason why you cannot stifle yawns
同义替换：「do not exist」↔「There are no」
答案：sneeze
原文定位：It is not a reflex;but, once started, a yawn progresses with the inevitability of a sneeze
同义替换：「cannot be interrupted」↔「inevitability」
答案：fixed action pattern
原文定位：It is an excellent example of the instinctive 'fixed action pattern' of classical animal-behavior study;It is not a reflex;but, once started, a yawn progresses with the inevitability of a sneeze
同义替换：「rather than a stimulus response」↔「not a reflex」，「occur as a」↔「fixed action pattern」
答案：6 seconds
原文定位：The standard yawn runs its course over about six seconds on average, but its duration can range from about three seconds to much longer than the average
同义替换：「lasts about」↔「runs its course over about」，「typical」↔「standard」，「the time taken to」↔「duration」
答案：68 seconds
原文定位：Just like a cough, yawns can come in bouts with a highly variable inter-yawn interval, which is generally about 68 seconds but rarely more than 70
同义替换：「a number of times in quick succession」↔「come in bouts」，「usually」↔「generally」
答案：short yawns
原文定位：There is no relation between yawn frequency and duration: producers of short or long yawns do not compensate by yawning more or less often
同义替换：「length and rate were connected」↔「relation between yawn frequency and duration」，「make up for」↔「compensate」
答案：You can yawn without breathing through your nose.
原文定位：Most subjects report being able to perform perfectly normal closed nose yawns. This indicates that the inhalation at the onset of a yawn, and the exhalation at its end, need not involve the nostrils - the mouth provides a sufficient airway
同义替换：「without breathing through your nose」↔「not involve the nostrils」
答案：you have to be able to open your mouth wide to yawn.
原文定位：This shows that gaping of the jaws is an essential component of the fixed action pattern of the yawn, and unless it is accomplished, the program (or pattern) will not run to completion
答案：can be accomplished only through the nose.
原文定位：This variant tests the adequacy of the nasal airway to sustain a yawn. Unlike normal breathing;yawning is impossible via nasal inhalation alone
同义替换：「only through the nose」↔「via nasal inhalation alone」，「whether yawning」↔「the adequacy of the nasal airway to sustain a yawn」
答案：movement in a paralyzed arm is stimulated by yawning.
原文定位：when these people yawn, they are startled and mystified to observe that their otherwise paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically in what neurologists term an 'associated response
同义替换：「movement in a paralyzed arm is stimulated」↔「paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically」
答案：we yawn in spite of the development of our species.
原文定位：Yawning is also a reminder that ancient and unconscious behavior linking us to the animal world lurks beneath the veneer of culture, rationality and language
答案：YES
原文定位：When Robert R Provine began studying yawning in the 1960s, it was difficult for him to convince research students of the merits of 'yawning science
同义替换：「initially」↔「began studying yawning in the 1960s」，「reluctant to appreciate」↔「difficult for him to convince」，「value」↔「merits」
答案：NOT GIVEN
原文定位：Studies by JIP de Vries in the early 1980s, charting movement in the developing fetus using ultrasound, observed a link between yawning and stretching
答案：YES
原文定位：Provine speculated that, in general, yawning may have many functions, and selecting a single function from the available options may be an unrealistic goal
同义替换：「referring to only one」↔「selecting a single」，「probably inadequate」↔「unrealistic goal」，「explain why people yawn」↔「yawning may have many functions」