Transhumance

文章大意

讲座介绍 transhumance（牧民带着牛羊、骆驼、驯鹿等畜群迁徙放牧）的两种类型：固定游牧与游牧游牧。固定型发生在瑞士等气候可预测地区，路线垂直，冬低夏高，有永久和半永久住所；游牧型如索马里、肯尼亚北部，气候难测，路线长且复杂，住所临时便携。

题目与答案

1. Two types of Transhumance

   - fixed: mainly in countries with predictable seasons, e.g. Switzerland

   - nomadic: in areas with unpredictable climatic conditions, e.g. Somalia

   Study on the Movement of Pastroralists

   - for for fixed transhumance,the pattern of movement is described as 31_____

   - while for nomadic tranhumance, the pattern is more complex and varied

   答案：vertical

   原文定位：For fixed transhumance, the pattern is sometimes known as vertical because it typically consists of a journey from lower ground;to higher ground

   同义替换：「described」↔「known」

2. Differences in terms of homes

   - fixed transhumance live in a semi-permanent shelter on high ground such as 32_____ .

   答案：cabin

   原文定位：a shelter which is semi-permanent in the mountains, such as a cabin

   同义替换：「on high ground」↔「in the mountains」

3. - nomadic transhumance always stay in portable shelters, e.g. homes of the Gabra people carried on 33_____ .

   答案：camel

   原文定位：the Gabra pastoralist carries the frame of his home on his camel

   同义替换：「people」↔「pastoralist」

4. Number of people involved

   - for fixed transhumance, only 34_____ pastoralists make the journey

   - however, all nomadic transhumance migrate with their livestock

   答案：young

   原文定位：These are normally the young ones because they can withstand adverse physical conditions more easily

   同义替换：「journey」↔「travel」

5. Diet and Goods

   - people who do not leave the valleys may become 35_____

   答案：farmers

   原文定位：those who do not move from the valleys often start working as farmers

   同义替换：「leave」↔「move」，「may become」↔「start working as」

6. - exchange animals with other communities for 36_____ .

   答案：grain

   原文定位：They build up contacts with other communities, and in some cases, they may also trade animals for grain

   同义替换：「exchange」↔「trade」

7. - herds provide all needs-food and 37_____ .

   答案：clothing

   原文定位：They obtain food such as cheese and meat, and also their clothing from their herds

   同义替换：「provide all needs」↔「obtain」

8. Research in Algeria in North Africa

   - they traditionally arrive in time to help local residents with the 38_____ .

   答案：harvest

   原文定位：They have traditionally assisted local farmers with the harvest

   同义替换：「help」↔「assisted」

9. - their homes are 39_____ which are temporary shelters.

   答案：tents

   原文定位：It is true they live in tents, and these are movable and temporary right through the year

   同义替换：「homes」↔「live in」

10. - a better term to to describe this type of transhumance might be 40_____ .

    答案：intermediate

    原文定位：we might more precisely refer to as intermediate

    同义替换：「a better term」↔「more precisely refer to」