Calotype photography in Britain and France

文章大意

讲座介绍早期摄影技术卡罗法（calotype）在英法的发展。为替代昂贵的达盖尔银版法，受过绘画训练的威廉·塔尔博特改用纸基成像，使照片更真实且成本更低。19世纪50年代该技术在法国广受欢迎，用于记录社会变迁，1851年法国政府还设立了相关机构。

题目与答案

1. From Daguerreotype to Calotype

   - Daguerreotype was the first commercial photographic process.

   - Daguerreotype had a problem: the use of copper made it 31_____

   答案：expensive

   原文定位：because the image was produced on a copper sheet, it was expensive to create each photograph

   同义替换：「use」↔「produced」

2. - William Talbot began looking for an alternative approach in the 1840s.

   - Talbot was not originally a photographer but an artist who specialised in 32_____

   答案：painting

   原文定位：His greatest interest was painting

   同义替换：「specialised in」↔「greatest interest was」

3. - Talbot used paper instead of copper.

   - These calotype photographs were more 33_____ because they weren`t so sharp.

   答案：realistic

   原文定位：But this new calotype process produced images that were realistic compared to all earlier photographs

   同义替换：「photographs」↔「images」

4. French Calotype

   - in 1851, the first society for photographers was created

   - Gustave Le Gray became fascinated by calotype photography.

   - He carried out experiments and produced the first 34_____ using a camera.

   答案：enlargement

   原文定位：His greatest success was when he designed the first camera that was able to create enlargement, an important step forward

5. - He developed equipment that was easier to use outside the 35_____ .

   答案：studio

   原文定位：This meant he could take photographs outdoors more easily rather than being limited to the studio

   同义替换：「easier to use」↔「lighter and smaller」，「outside」↔「rather than being limited to the」

6. - Calotype became famous because Le Gray produced 36_____ about it.

   答案：books

   原文定位：his work also became famous among the general public because he wrote a very popular series of books describing the calotype process

7. - People thought photography was more reliable than drawing.

   - It was used to record the work done on old 37_____ .

   答案：buildings

   原文定位：photography was now often used to record the huge program of renovation work of historical buildings in France during the 1850s

   同义替换：「old」↔「historical」

8. - Photography was not “art”, according to 38_____ .

   答案：critics

   原文定位：in the opinion of critics, photography could not be compared to other established forms of art

   同义替换：「according to」↔「in the opinion of」

9. Summary

   - Photography was thought of as a 39_____ so reflected the culture of the 1850s.

   答案：science

   原文定位：photography represented these ideas because it was considered to be a science by most people

   同义替换：「thought」↔「considered」

10. - The use of new materials, particular 40_____, led to new techniques.

    答案：glass

    原文定位：And in the end, they found that if the image was produced on glass, it lasted much longer