Absence from work

文章大意

本文是一篇关于职场缺勤（absence from work）的文献综述报告，探讨了员工缺勤的类型（频繁缺勤与偶尔缺勤）及影响因素，包括性别（女性因育儿责任更易缺勤）、员工工作态度、组织文化对缺勤的接受度、工作类型（工业工人比办公室职员缺勤率高）、工作组规模（组越大缺勤率越高）以及公共部门与私营部门的缺勤率差异。

题目与答案

1. Absence may be frequent or occasional.

   Main factors involved

   ·The 31_____ of employees (e.g. females are likely to have responsibility for children)

   答案：gender

   原文定位：Firstly, the gender of the employee may influence his or her ability to attend work. For example, a female is more likely to have childcare responsibility and so could be absent as a result of that

2. ·employees' 32_____ (but the evidence ls inconclusive)

   答案：attitude

   原文定位：The next factor that has been identified is the attitude of employees toward their work. But there has been a lot of debate about the extent to which this actually does influence absence, and some people argue that the research hasn't been conclusive

   同义替换：「evidence」↔「research」，「inconclusive」↔「hasn't been conclusive」

3. ·the 33_____ of the organization (absenteeism may be acceptable)

   答案：culture

   原文定位：Some researchers have suggested that another reason for high levels of absence is that some organizations have a culture in which absence is accepted

4. ·the type of work (higher absence among employees in 34_____ )

   答案：industry

   原文定位：It's been claimed that workers in industry are more likely to have high absence rates than people who work in offices

5. ·the 35_____ of an employee's work group

   答案：size

   原文定位：one of the other underlying themes in the literature is that there is a connection between how often an employee is absent and what size of work group he or she belongs to. Specifically, it's been found that the bigger the group, the higher the levels of absence

6. Public sector versus private sector

   Public sector has higher absence levels

   Possible explanation-the public sector is less 36_____

   答案：efficient

   原文定位：There is some evidence that absence levels are higher in the public sector. It's not exactly clear why this should be the case, but one explanation that has been often put forwards is that in some cases, public sector organizations may not be as efficient

7. Systems may be more bureaucratic because of 37_____ factors (e.g. state controls)

   答案：external

   原文定位：This might be because their systems are more bureaucratic due to factors which are external rather than internal, like the degree of control the government imposes on the public sector

   同义替换：「because of」↔「due to」，「state」↔「government」

8. More recent literature suggests public sector organisations usually

   ·have a 38_____ workforce

   答案：larger

   原文定位：Firstly, a public sector organization tends to have a workforce which is larger

9. ·have more female and more older employees

   ·provide 39_____ for longer, with fewer restrictions

   答案：benefits

   原文定位：It is also suggested that public sector organizations are more likely to give their absent employees benefits for a longer period and are less likely to place restrictions on these

   同义替换：「provide」↔「give」，「fewer」↔「less」

10. ·are less likely to 40_____ employees

    答案：dismiss

    原文定位：In addition, it's been found that public sector employers have less of a tendency to dismiss employees for being absent

    同义替换：「likely to」↔「tendency to」